{"id":712,"date":"2018-08-30t16:43:38","date_gmt":"2018-08-30t16:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/?page_id=712"},"modified":"2020-03-20t04:49:57","modified_gmt":"2020-03-20t04:49:57","slug":"avian-respiratory-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/beplayapp网页
\/poultry-anatomy\/avian-respiratory-system\/","title":{"rendered":"avian respiratory system"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p><b><i><span style=\"color: #333333;\">written by<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">: dr. jacquie jacob, university of kentucky<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">respiratory diseases are the most common cause of death in a poultry flock. knowledge of the avian respiratory system is essential for developing a health monitoring plan for a poultry flock, recognizing problems that may occur, and taking action to correct them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the avian respiratory system is involved in the following functions:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>absorption of oxygen (o2)<\/li>\r\n<li>release of carbon dioxide (co2<\/li>\r\n<li>release of heat (temperature regulation)<\/li>\r\n<li>detoxification of certain chemicals<\/li>\r\n<li>rapid adjustments of acid\/base balance<\/li>\r\n<li>vocalization<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">an understanding of the functions of the respiratory system begins with an understanding of the parts of the respiratory system.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>parts of the chicken respiratory system<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">as with any avian respiratory system, the chicken respiratory system (shown in figure 1) begins at the head region. parts of the respiratory system in this region include the nasal openings and nasal cavities and the pharyngeal region of the mouth. the <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">cranial larynx<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"> (sometimes referred to as the <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">superior larynx<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"> or <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">glottis<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">), located in this pharyngeal region, is the opening to the <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">trachea<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"> (windpipe). the pharyngeal region also has the openings of the esophagus. the cranial larynx is normally open to allow air passage, but it closes when feed is passing down the throat so that the feed goes down the esophagus and does not enter the trachea.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\" class=\"wp-image-713\" src=\"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/avian_respiratory_system.jpg\" alt=\"chicken respiratory system\" srcset=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/avian_respiratory_system.jpg 250w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/avian_respiratory_system-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>figure 1. chicken respiratory system. source: public domain<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">.<\/span><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">after air passes through the cranial larynx, it continues through the trachea. the trachea is made up of cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing due to the negative pressure\u00a0present when a chicken breathes in air.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">after the syrinx, the trachea divides into two much narrower tubes called <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">bronchi<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">. in some respiratory diseases, tracheal plugs form and physically block the respiratory tract at the junction of the bronchi, thus suffocating the chicken.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">each bronchus (singular of <\/span><em style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">bronchi<\/em><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">) enters a <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">lung<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">. chicken<\/span> <span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">lungs are relatively small, are firmly attached to the ribs, and do not expand. birds have an incomplete diaphragm and chest muscles and a sternum (keel)\u00a0that do not lend themselves to expansion in the way that a mammal&#8217;s chest muscles and sternum do. consequently, a bird&#8217;s lungs operate differently from those of a mammal. mammalian lungs contain many bronchi that lead to small sacs called alveoli. because an alveolus (singular of <\/span><em style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">alveoli<\/em><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">) has only one opening, air flows into and out of the alveolus but not through it to the outside of the lung. in comparison, air passes through a bird&#8217;s lungs in one direction.\u00a0(in fact, the mammalian respiratory system is described as tidal because air goes in and out like the tide, whereas the avian respiratory system is described as nontidal.)<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">a bird&#8217;s\u00a0lungs contain <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">parabronchi<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">, which are continuous tubes that allow air to pass through the lung in one direction, and <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">air sacs<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">.\u00a0the parabronchi\u00a0are laced with blood capillaries, and it is here that gas exchange occurs. the air sacs, which\u00a0fill a large proportion of the chest and abdominal cavity of a bird,\u00a0are balloon-like structures at the ends of the airway system. the key to the avian respiratory system is that\u00a0air moves in and out through\u00a0distention and compression of the air sacs, not the lungs. the air sacs act as bellows to suck air in and blow it out and to hold part of the total air volume. at any given moment, air may be flowing into and out of the lung and being &#8220;parked&#8221; in the air sacs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">air sacs are somewhat unique\u00a0to avian species, found elsewhere only\u00a0in certain reptiles. in the chicken, there are nine such sacs: an unpaired one in the cervical area, two interclavicular air sacs, two abdominal air sacs, two anterior thoracic air sacs, and two posterior thoracic air sacs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">another important feature of the avian respiratory system is also part of the <\/span><a class=\"internal_link\" style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #0088cc; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;\" title=\"avian skeletal system\" href=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/beplayapp网页
\/poultry-anatomy\/avian-skeletal-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">avian skeletal system<\/a><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">. some of a bird&#8217;s bones are hollow. the air sacs in a bird&#8217;s lungs connect to the air spaces in these bones,\u00a0and the bones then act as part of the avian respiratory system. they are called <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">pneumatic bones<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">\u00a0and include the skull, humerus, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, and lumbar and sacral vertebrae. a broken pneumatic bone can cause a bird to have difficulty breathing.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>dangers to the chicken respiratory system<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">as part of the <\/span>avian immune system<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">, the chicken respiratory tract normally is equipped with defense mechanisms to prevent or limit infection by airborne disease agents, to remove inhaled pbeplayapp网页
, and to keep the airways clean. specifically, chicken respiratory health is protected by the function of three defensive mechanisms: <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">cilia<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">, <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">mucus <\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">secretions, and the presence of <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">scavenging cells <\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">that consume bacteria. cilia are tiny hair-like structures in the trachea that is responsible for propelling entrapped pbeplayapp网页
 for disposal. mucus is produced in the trachea. mucus secretions and movement of cilia are well developed in chickens. the consistency of the mucus produced is important for the efficiency of the ciliary activity. cilia cannot function when the mucus is too thick. scavenging cells in the lungs actively scavenge inhaled pbeplayapp网页
 and bacteria that gain entrance to the lower respiratory tract. these cells consume bacteria and kill them, thus preventing their further spread. the integration of cilia, mucus, and scavenging cells keeps chicken airways free of disease-producing organisms. the impairment of even one of these components permits an accumulation of disease agents in the respiratory tract and may result in disease.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the defense mechanisms of the chicken respiratory system are important because, with each breath, a chicken&#8217;s respiratory tract is exposed to the inside environment of a poultry house. poor environments normally do not cause disease directly, but they do reduce chickens&#8217; defenses, making them more susceptible to infection from existing viruses and pathogens. the air of poultry houses can contain aerosol pbeplayapp网页
\u2014dust originating from the floor litter, feed, dried manure, and skin and feathers of the chickens. these aerosol pbeplayapp网页
 can have a range of adverse effects on poultry. they act as an irritant to the respiratory system, and coughing is a physiological response designed to remove them. however, excessive coughing lowers a chicken&#8217;s resistance to disease. aerosol pbeplayapp网页
 often collect inside chickens and can increase carcass condemnation at the processing plant. excessive dust in the air\u00a0also is believed to result in the formation of caseous tracheal plugs, which adversely affect chickens&#8217; health.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">in addition to the aerosol pbeplayapp网页
 in a poultry house, gases are generated from decomposing poultry waste, emissions from the chickens, and improperly maintained or installed equipment, such as gas burners. harmful gases most often found in poultry houses are ammonia (nh3) and carbon dioxide (co2). research has shown that as little as 10 ppm of ammonia causes excessive mucus production and damages the cilia. research also has revealed that ammonia levels of 10 to 40 ppm reduce the clearance of <\/span><i style=\"background-color: transparent; clear: none; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22.66px; margin-left: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">e. coli<\/i><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"> from a chicken&#8217;s air sacs, lungs, and trachea.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">another danger to the chicken respiratory system has nothing to do with what the bird takes into its system. because birds do not have a diaphragm, they depend on some movement of the sternum and rib cage to breathe. holding a bird too tightly restricts movement of the rib cage and can suffocate the bird. this often happens when young children hold baby chicks.<\/span><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>written by: dr. jacquie jacob, university of kentucky respiratory diseases are the most common cause of death in a poultry flock. knowledge of the avian respiratory system is essential for developing a health monitoring plan for a poultry flock, recognizing problems that may occur, and taking action to correct them. the avian respiratory system is &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/beplayapp网页
\/poultry-anatomy\/avian-respiratory-system\/\" class=\"more-link\">continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;avian respiratory system&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":75,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-712","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/712"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=712"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/712\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2516,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/712\/revisions\/2516"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/75"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=712"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}