{"id":706,"date":"2018-08-30t16:29:48","date_gmt":"2018-08-30t16:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/?page_id=706"},"modified":"2020-03-20t04:50:53","modified_gmt":"2020-03-20t04:50:53","slug":"avian-skeletal-system","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/beplayapp网页
\/poultry-anatomy\/avian-skeletal-system\/","title":{"rendered":"avian skeletal system"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<p><b><i><span style=\"color: #333333;\">written by<\/span><\/i><\/b><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">: dr. jacquie jacob, university of kentucky<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-image-707\" src=\"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/shutterstock_154523189-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"model of the avian skeletal system\" srcset=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/shutterstock_154523189-768x1024.jpg 768w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/shutterstock_154523189-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>figure 1. model of the avian skeletal system (image by\u00a0arogant on shutterstock.com)<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">all vertebrate animals have skeletons.\u00a0a skeleton allows an animal to stand and protects its internal organs and tissues. the avian skeletal system looks similar to that of mammals but must accommodate a bird&#8217;s need to be light enough to fly while having necessary body support. consequently, the\u00a0skeleton of a bird includes some unique features.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">some vertebral sections (sections of the backbone) are fused to provide the rigidity required for flight.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">sternum<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\"> (breastbone or keel) has a surface area large enough to allow for the attachment of the main flight muscles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the size of the skull is proportionally small when compared to the skulls of other species because a\u00a0large head would make flying difficult.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the tail is a short section of fused bones called a <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">pygostyle<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the ribs\u00a0include\u00a0the <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">uncinate process<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">, which involves overlying flaps that project from the ribs and connect adjacent ribs, giving strength to the rib cage so that it does not collapse during flight.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the neck is long in most species. a long, flexible\u00a0neck\u00a0acts as a shock absorber, protecting the delicate tissues of the brain from too much jarring when a bird\u00a0lands. because a bird&#8217;s body is rigid, the long neck allows the bird to reach food located on the ground more easily.\u00a0a long neck also allows a bird&#8217;s center of gravity to adjust when the bird changes from the upright position of walking or perching to the more horizontal position of flying.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the bones of birds are lighter in weight than those of mammals. some of the bones are hollow and actually act as part of the <\/span>avian respiratory system<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">. these bones, called <\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">pneumatic bones<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">, include the skull, humerus, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, and lumbar and sacral vertebrae<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">other important bones in the avian skeleton are the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">medullary bones<\/strong><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">. these bones\u00a0include the tibia, femur, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toe bones, and scapula. medullary bones are an important source of calcium when hens are laying eggs. eggshells primarily are made of calcium, and a hen&#8217;s body\u00a0mobilizes 47 percent\u00a0of its body calcium to make an eggshell. when in production, a commercial laying hen cannot obtain enough dietary calcium to allow for daily egg production. without medullary bones to draw calcium from, the hen would produce eggs with very thin and weak shells.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">although important differences exist between the skeletons of birds and other animals, several similarities are present as well. in general, birds have the same\u00a0skeletal structure as many other animals, including humans (as shown in figures 2 and3).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/armcomparisons-1024x576.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" class=\"wp-image-710\" src=\"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/armcomparisons-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"comparison of chicken (left) and human (right) arm bones. public domain\" srcset=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/armcomparisons-1024x576.jpg 1024w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/armcomparisons-300x169.jpg 300w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/armcomparisons-768x432.jpg 768w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/armcomparisons.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/a>\r\n<figcaption>figure 2. comparison of chicken (left) and human (right) arm bones. source: public domain<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/comparinglegs-300x169.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" class=\"wp-image-709\" src=\"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/comparinglegs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"comparison of chicken (left) and human (right) leg bones\" srcset=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/comparinglegs-1024x576.jpg 1024w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/comparinglegs-300x169.jpg 300w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/comparinglegs-768x432.jpg 768w, \/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/comparinglegs.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/a>\r\n<figcaption>figure 3. comparison of chicken (left) and human (right) leg bones. source: public domain<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the common joints of the arms of chickens and humans are easily identifiable.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the joint between the scapula and the humerus is the shoulder.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the joint between the humerus and the radius\/ulna is the elbow.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the joint between the\u00a0radius\/ulna and the metacarpus\u00a0is the\u00a0wrist.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">both the human leg\u00a0and chicken leg have a femur, a\u00a0fibula, and a tibia. in a chicken, the femur holds the thigh meat, and\u00a0the fibula\/tibia combination holds the meat of the drumstick. the metatarsus of a chicken is known as the shank, and the chicken walks on its toes. a comparison of the leg joints of chickens and humans\u00a0is not quite as obvious as a comparison of the arm joints.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the joint at the top of the femur\u00a0is the\u00a0hip.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the joint between the femur and the fibula\/tibia\u00a0is the\u00a0knee.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue',helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">the joint between the fibula\/tibia and the metatarsus\u00a0is the\u00a0ankle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>written by: dr. jacquie jacob, university of kentucky all vertebrate animals have skeletons.\u00a0a skeleton allows an animal to stand and protects its internal organs and tissues. the avian skeletal system looks similar to that of mammals but must accommodate a bird&#8217;s need to be light enough to fly while having necessary body support. consequently, the\u00a0skeleton &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/beplayapp网页
\/poultry-anatomy\/avian-skeletal-system\/\" class=\"more-link\">continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;avian skeletal system&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":75,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-706","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/706"}],"collection":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=706"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2518,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/706\/revisions\/2518"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/75"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}