{"id":223,"date":"2018-08-27t16:20:05","date_gmt":"2018-08-27t16:20:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/poultry.mystagingwebsite.com\/?page_id=223"},"modified":"2020-03-20t03:28:00","modified_gmt":"2020-03-20t03:28:00","slug":"cereals-in-poultry-diets","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"\/\/www.bkpromos.com\/beplayapp网页 \/feeds-and-feeding-of-poultry\/feed-ingredients-for-poultry\/cereals-in-poultry-diets\/","title":{"rendered":"cereals in poultry diets"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

written by<\/strong>: dr. jacquie jacob, university of kentucky<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

cereals<\/span><\/strong> are grasses that produce edible starchy grains, many of which can be used in poultry diets as an energy source. although the starch in corn is highly digestible, most of the other grains contain <\/span>anti-nutritional factors<\/strong><\/a> that interfere with digestion and\/or the absorption of nutrients. these antinutritional factors include the <\/span>nonstarch polysaccharides<\/strong>, often referred to as nsps. nsps cannot be broken down by the digestive enzymes poultry normally secrete in the small intestine (referred to as endogenous enzymes). as a result, the nsps gel, increasing the viscosity of the intestinal contents. the increased intestinal viscosity reduces the availability of the nutrients in the feed. in addition, the presence of nsps typically results in sticky droppings, which increase the moisture content of the litter. litter that has a high moisture content can adversely affect air quality within the poultry house.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

amaranth<\/span><\/strong><\/a> is an ancient crop that has been grown for thousands of years. the grain was a staple in the diet of the aztecs. the crop has recently been “rediscovered” and has potential as a food and as a feed ingredient.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

barley<\/strong><\/a> is commonly used in poultry diets in some regions of canada and europe. this cereal is grown on areas of both irrigated and dry land in the united states. it is an early-maturing crop that offers agronomic advantages when used in crop rotation. barley is considered a medium-energy grain. it has a low starch content, a high fiber content, and some antinutritional factors.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

buckwheat<\/span><\/strong><\/a> is often grouped with the cereals, but it is actually not a cereal. it has a cereal-like fruit seed that is related more closely to rhubarb than to cereals. it is often referred to as a pseudo-cereal. buckwheat is a summer annual that has a potential role in organic crop production.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

corn<\/strong><\/a>, also called maize, is native to the americas and was first cultivated by the american indians. the corn plant is efficient at converting large amounts of sunlight into stable forms of chemical energy stored as starch, cellulose, and oil. corn is the grain most routinely used in commercial poultry diets in the united states because it has a good energy content and is easy to digest. the amino acid profile of the protein in corn complements the amino acid profile of the other ingredients, such as soybean meal, typically used in feed. alternative grains are typically evaluated in relation to corn.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

oats<\/span><\/strong><\/a> are more tolerant of wet weather and acidic soils than wheat or barley. oats also require less agrochemical and fertilizer input. there has been renewed interest in oats as a feed ingredient.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

pearl millet<\/span><\/strong><\/a> is typically resistant to drought and heat, so it is grown\u00a0widely\u00a0in tropical regions of africa and asia. some pearl millet is also grown in the united states.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

quinoa<\/span><\/strong><\/a> (pronounced keen-wa) is a pseudo-cereal grown for its edible seeds. it is not a member of the grass family (and therefore is not a cereal) and is more closely related to species such as beets and spinach.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

rice bran<\/span><\/b><\/a> is high in fiber and low in energy. rice bran also contains the antinutritional factor <\/span>trypsin inhibitor<\/strong><\/a>. as a result, it is recommended that rice bran make up no more than 10% to 15% of the total content of a poultry diet.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

rye<\/span><\/strong><\/a> is a versatile crop. it can be grown as forage for cattle and other ruminant livestock or as green manure in crop rotations in organic farming. it can also be grown for grain that can be used as a feed ingredient, for alcohol distillation, or for human consumption.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

sorghum<\/span><\/strong><\/a> (also called milo and guinea corn) is a highly drought-resistant crop that is grown in many areas of the world, including the united states. sorghum is only 3% to 5% lower in feeding value than corn. it is often less expensive than yellow corn. the level of tannins in sorghum limit its use in poultry diets. however, tannin-free varieties are now available, and as a result, sorghum can be substituted for corn in poultry diets with only minor changes in the amounts of other ingredients.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

spelt<\/span><\/strong><\/a> is an ancient wheat species that shows a higher resistance to environmental influences than common wheat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

triticale<\/span><\/strong><\/a> is a hybrid developed by crossing wheat and rye. it is reported to grow well in regions not suitable for corn or wheat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

wheat<\/strong><\/a> is often used in poultry diets in western canada and parts of europe. the husk of wheat detaches from the grain during threshing (unlike conventional barley and oats where the husk remains attached) reducing its fiber content.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

cereal by-products<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

many of the cereal grains used as animal feed are also used for human consumption or the development of industrial products. the grains are cleaned and then either dry or wet milled. dry milling removes the outer fibrous coating of the seed and is used in the production of flour. wet milling is used in the production of sugar, starch, syrup and\/or oil. many of the by-products of both dry and wet milling are suitable for inclusion in poultry feeds.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

understanding the by-products generated by dry and wet milling requires a basic understanding of the parts of the cereal grain. all grains have four basic parts: seed coat, aleurone, endosperm, and germ.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

the <\/span>seed coat<\/strong> can exist in the form of a hull. for those cereals without a hull, the seed coat is in the form of the pericarp. the function of the seed coat is to protect the grain from moisture, insects, and fungal infection. the seed coat must be broken to allow for the digestion of the nutrients contained within the seed. the seed coat does not supply nutritional value, but depending on the particular type of cereal, the seed coat can dilute the amount of starch in the diet. in oat grains, for example, the hull represents 25% of the seed (on a dry matter basis). in sorghum, however, the seed coat represents only 3% to 6% of the grain weight and has little effect on the nutritional value of the grain.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

the <\/span>aleurone<\/strong> is a layer surrounding the endosperm. the <\/span>endosperm <\/strong>is the location of most of the starch, which provides energy to the animals consuming it and is also the source of flour. the aleurone contains fiber and protein. the <\/span>germ<\/strong> is the embryo of the seed and the location of protein and oil.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

common cereal by-products<\/strong><\/em><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n